Compositions of dibromomalonamide and their use as biocides

ABSTRACT

A biocidal composition comprising 2,2-dibromomalonamide and an electrophile containing biocide, and its use for the control of microorganisms in aqueous and water-containing systems.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to biocidal compositions and methods of their usefor the control of microorganisms in aqueous and water-containingsystems. The compositions comprise 2,2-dibromomalonamide and a biocidalcompound containing at least one electrophilic moiety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Water systems provide fertile breeding grounds for algae, bacteria,viruses, and fungi some of which can be pathogenic. Microbialcontamination can create a variety of problems, including aestheticunpleasantries such as slimy green water, serious health risks such asfungal, bacterial, or viral infections, and mechanical problemsincluding plugging, corrosion of equipment, and reduction of heattransfer.

Biocides are commonly used to disinfect and control the growth ofmicroorganisms in aqueous and water containing systems. However, not allbiocides are effective against a wide range of microorganisms and/ortemperatures, and some are incompatible with other chemical treatmentadditives. In addition, some biocides do not provide microbial controlover long enough time periods.

While some of these shortcomings can be overcome through use of largeramounts of the biocide, this option creates its own problems, includingincreased cost, increased waste, and increased likelihood that thebiocide will interfere with the desirable properties of the treatedmedium. In addition, even with use of larger amounts of the biocide,many commercial biocidal compounds cannot provide effective control dueto weak activity against certain types of microorganisms or resistanceof the microorganisms to those compounds.

It would be a significant advance in the art to provide biocidecompositions for treatment of water systems that yield one or more ofthe following advantages: increased efficacy at lower concentrations,compatibility with physical conditions and other additives in thetreated medium, effectiveness against a broad spectrum ofmicroorganisms, and/or ability to provide both short term and long termcontrol of microorganisms.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the invention provides a biocidal composition. Thecomposition is useful for controlling microorganisms in aqueous or watercontaining systems. The composition comprises: 2,2-dibromomalonamide anda biocidal compound containing at least one electrophilic moiety(“electrophile containing biocide”), wherein the electrophile containingbiocide is selected from the group consisting of2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol, bromonitrostyrene, methylenebis(thiocyanate), and 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane.

In a second aspect, the invention provides a method for controllingmicroorganisms in aqueous or water containing systems. The methodcomprises treating the system with an effective amount of a biocidalcomposition as described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As noted above, the invention provides a biocidal composition andmethods of using it in the control of microorganisms. The compositioncomprises: 2,2-dibromomalonamide and an electrophile containing biocideselected from the group consisting of 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol,bromonitrostyrene, methylene bis(thiocyanate), and1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane. It has surprisingly been discovered thatcombinations of 2,2-dibromomalonamide and an electrophile containingbiocide as described herein, at certain weight ratios, are synergisticwhen used for microorganism control in aqueous or water containingmedia. That is, the combined materials result in improved biocidalproperties than would otherwise be expected based on their individualperformance. The synergy permits reduced amounts of the materials to beused to achieve the desired biocidal performance, thus reducing problemscaused by growth of microorganisms in industrial process waters whilepotentially reducing environmental impact and materials cost.

For the purposes of this specification, the meaning of “microorganism”includes, but is not limited to, bacteria, fungi, algae, and viruses.The words “control” and “controlling” should be broadly construed toinclude within their meaning, and without being limited thereto,inhibiting the growth or propagation of microorganisms, killingmicroorganisms, disinfection, and/or preservation. In some preferredembodiments, “control” and “controlling” mean inhibiting the growth orpropagation of microorganisms. In further embodiments, “control” and“controlling” mean the killing of microorganisms.

The term “2,2-dibromomalonamide” refers to a compound represented by thefollowing chemical formula:

2,2-Dibromomalonamide and the electrophile containing biocides of theinvention are commercially available and/or can be readily prepared bythose skilled in the art using well known techniques.

In some embodiments of the invention, the weight ratio of2,2-dibromomalonamide to the electrophile containing biocide is betweenabout 100:1 and about 1:100.

In some embodiments, the weight ratio of 2,2-dibromomalonamide to theelectrophile containing biocide is between about 40:1 and about 1:30.

In some embodiments, the weight ratio of 2,2-dibromomalonamide to theelectrophile containing biocide is between about 32:1 and about 1:20.

In some embodiments, the electrophile containing biocide is2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol and the weight ratio of2,2-dibromomalonamide to 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol is from about100:1 to about 1:20, alternatively from about 70:1 to about 1:10,alternatively from about 40:1 to about 1:5, or alternatively from about32:1 to about 1:2. In some embodiments, the weight ratio is about 9:1 toabout 3:1.

In some embodiments, the electrophile containing biocide isbromonitrostyrene and the weight ratio of 2,2-dibromomalonamide tobromonitrostyrene is from about 100:1 to about 1:20, alternatively fromabout 70:1 to about 1:10, alternatively from about 40:1 to about 1:5, oralternatively from about 32:1 to about 1:2.

In some embodiments, the electrophile containing biocide is methylenebis(thiocyanate) and the weight ratio of 2,2-dibromomalonamide tomethylene bis(thiocyanate) is from about 40:1 to about 1:10,alternatively from about 32:1 to about 1:1, or alternatively from about32:1 to about 4:1.

In some embodiments, the electrophile containing biocide is1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane and the weight ratio of2,2-dibromomalonamide to 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane is from about20:1 to about 1:10, alternatively from about 10:1 to about 1:1, oralternatively from about 8:1 to about 2:1.

The composition of the invention is useful for controllingmicroorganisms in a variety of aqueous and water containing systems.Examples of such systems include, but are not limited to, paints andcoatings, aqueous emulsions, latexes, adhesives, inks, pigmentdispersions, household and industrial cleaners, detergents, dishdetergents, mineral slurries polymer emulsions, caulks and adhesives,tape joint compounds, disinfectants, sanitizers, metalworking fluids,construction products, personal care products, textile fluids such asspin finishes, industrial process water (e.g. oilfield water, pulp andpaper water, cooling water), oilfield functional fluids such as drillingmuds and fracturing fluids, fuels, air washers, wastewater, ballastwater, filtration systems, and swimming pool and spa water. Preferredaqueous systems are metal working fluids, personal care, household andindustrial cleaners, industrial process water, and paints and coatings.Particularly preferred are industrial process water, paints andcoatings, metal working fluids, and textile fluids such as spinfinishes.

A person of ordinary skill in the art can readily determine, withoutundue experimentation, the effective amount of the composition thatshould be used in any particular application to provide microorganismcontrol. By way of illustration, a suitable actives concentration (totalfor both 2,2-dibromomalonamide and electrophile containing biocide) istypically at least about 1 ppm, alternatively at least about 3 ppm,alternatively at least about 7 ppm, alternatively at least about 10 ppm,alternatively at least about 30 ppm, or alternatively at least about 100ppm based on the total weight of the aqueous or water containing system.In some embodiments, a suitable upper limit for the activesconcentration is about 1000 ppm, alternatively about 500 ppm,alternatively about 100 ppm, alternatively about 50 ppm, alternativelyabout 30 ppm, alternatively about 15 ppm, alternatively about 10 ppm, oralternatively about 7 ppm, based on the total weight of the aqueous orwater containing system.

The components of the composition can be added to the aqueous or watercontaining system separately, or preblended prior to addition. A personof ordinary skill in the art can easily determine the appropriate methodof addition. The composition can be used in the system with otheradditives such as, but not limited to, surfactants, ionic/nonionicpolymers and scale and corrosion inhibitors, oxygen scavengers, and/oradditional biocides.

The following examples are illustrative of the invention but are notintended to limit its scope. Unless otherwise indicated, the ratios,percentages, parts, and the like used herein are by weight.

EXAMPLES

The results provided in the Examples are generated using a growthinhibition assay or a kill assay. Details of each assay are providedbelow.

Kill Assay.

This assay is used as a preliminary evaluation of synergy between theactives. The procedure is as follows. A mineral salts solution (0.2203 gof CaCl₂, 0.1847 g of MgSO₄, and 0.2033 g of NaHCO₃ in 1 L water,approximately pH 8) is inoculated with equal amounts (about 100 CPU/ml)of a mixture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10045 and Staphylococcusaureus ATCC 6538. Aliquots of the cell suspension are then treated with2,2-dibromomalonamide (“DBMAL”), an electrophile containing biocide, andtheir combinations at various concentration levels. After incubating at37° C. for 2 hours, the biocidal efficacy is determined on the basis ofthe minimum biocide concentration (MBC) needed to completely kill thebacterial cells in the aliquots. The MBC values are then used tocalculate a synergy index (SI) values.

Summaries of the kill assay results are presented in the individualExamples. In each table, MBC values for each biocide and the blendstested are presented. Likewise, the Synergy Index (“SI”) values for thecombinations are listed. SI is calculated with the following equation:

Synergy Index=M _(DBMAL) /C _(DBMAL) +M _(B) /C _(B)

where

-   -   C_(DBMAL): Concentration of DBMAL required to inhibit bacterial        growth when used alone    -   C_(B): Concentration of biocide (B) required to inhibit        bacterial growth when used alone.    -   M_(DBMAL): Concentration of DBMAL required to inhibit bacterial        growth when used in combination with biocide (B).    -   M_(B): Concentration of biocide (B) required to inhibit        bacterial growth when used in combination with DBMAL        The SI values are interpreted as follows:    -   SI<1: Synergistic combination    -   SI=1: Additive combination    -   SI>1: Antagonistic combination

Growth Inhibition Assay.

The growth inhibition assay used in the Examples measures inhibition ofgrowth (or lack thereof) of a microbial consortium. Inhibition of growthcan be the result of killing of the cells (so no growth occurs), killingof a significant portion of the populations of cells so that regrowthrequires a prolonged time, or inhibition of growth without killing(stasis). Regardless of the mechanism of action, the impact of a biocide(or combination of biocides) can be measured over time on the basis ofan increase in the size of the community.

The assay measures the efficacy of one or more biocides at preventinggrowth of a consortium of bacteria in a dilute mineral salts medium. Themedium contains (in mg/l) the following components: FeCl₃.6H₂O (1);CaCl₂.2H₂O (10); MgSO₄.7H₂O (22.5); (NH₄)₂SO₄ (40); KH₂PO₄ (10); K₂HPO₄(25.5); Yeast Extract (10); and glucose (100). After all components areadded to deionized water, the pH of the medium is adjusted to 7.5.Following filter sterilization, aliquots are dispensed in 100 ulquantities to sterile microtiter plate wells. Dilutions of DBMAL and/or“Biocide B” are then added to the microtiter plate. After preparing thecombinations of actives as illustrated below, each well is inoculatedwith 100 μl of a cell suspension containing ca. 1×100 cells permilliliter of a mixture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiellapneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis. The finaltotal volume of medium in each well is 300 μl. Once prepared asdescribed herein, the concentration of each active ranges from 25 ppm to0.19 ppm as illustrated in Table 1. The resulting matrix allows testingof eight concentrations of each active and 64 combinations of actives inthe ratios (of actives).

TABLE 1 Template for microtiter plate-based synergy assay showingconcentrations of each active. Ratios are based on weight (ppm) of eachactive. DBMAL (ppm) 25.0 12.5 6.25 3.13 1.56 0.78 0.39 0.19 Biocide 25.01:1 1:2 1:4 1:8  1:16  1:32  1:64  1:128 B (ppm) 12.5 2:1 1 1:2 1:4 1:8 1:16  1:32  1:64 6.25 4:1 2:1 1 1:2 1:4 1:8  1:16  1:32 3.13 8:1 4:12:1 1 1:2 1:4 1:8  1:16 1.56 16:1  8:1 4:1 2:1 1 1:2 1:4 1:8 0.78 32:1 16:1  8:1 4:1 2:1 1 1:2 1:4 0.39 64:1  32:1  16:1  8:1 4:1 2:1 1 1:20.19 128:1  64:1  32:1  16:1  8:1 4:1 2:1 1:1Controls (not shown) contain the medium with no biocide added. Afterpreparing the combinations of actives as illustrated above, each well isinoculated with 100 μl of a cell suspension containing ca. 1×100 cellsper milliliter of a mixture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiellapneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis. The finaltotal volume of medium in each well is 300 μl.

Immediately after the microtiter plates are prepared, the opticaldensity (OD) readings for each well is measured at 580 nm and the platesare then incubated at 37° C. for 24 hr. After the incubation period, theplates are gently agitated before OD₅₈₀ values are collected. The OD₅₈₀values at T₀ are subtracted from T₂₄ values to determine the totalamount of growth (or lack thereof) that occurs. These values are used tocalculate the percent inhibition of growth caused by the presence ofeach biocide and each of the 64 combinations. A 90% inhibition of growthis used as a threshold for calculating synergy index (SI) values withthe following equation:

Synergy Index=M _(DBMAL) /C _(DBMAL) +M _(B) /C _(B)

where

-   -   C_(DBMAL): Concentration of DBMAL required to inhibit ˜90% of        bacterial growth when used alone    -   C_(B): Concentration of biocide (B) required to inhibit ˜90% of        bacterial growth when used alone.    -   M_(DBMAL): Concentration of DBMAL required to inhibit ˜90% of        bacterial growth when used in combination with biocide (B).    -   M_(B): Concentration of biocide (B) required to inhibit ˜90% of        bacterial growth when used in combination with DBMAL        The SI values are interpreted as follows:    -   SI<1: Synergistic combination    -   SI=1: Additive combination    -   SI>1: Antagonistic combination

In the Examples below, the amounts of biocides in the solution aremeasured in mg per liter of solution (mg/l). Since solution densitiesare approximately 1.0, the mg/l measurement corresponds to weight ppm.Both units may therefore be used interchangeably in the Examples.

Example 1 DBMAL and Bronopol

Kill Assay Results. Table 2 summarizes the results for assays usingDBMAL alone and in combination with 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol(“Bronopol” or “BNPD”). The results indicate synergy between the actives(Table 2).

TABLE 2 MBC of DBMAL, Bronopol, and combinations thereof. Active 1st 2ndweight ratio biocide biocide Synergy (1st:2nd) DBMAL Bronopol IndexDBMAL 66.7 0.0 alone 9:1 60.0 6.7 <0.94 3:1 50.0 16.7 <0.58 1:1 50.050.0 <1.08 1:3 37.5 100.5 <1.31 1:9 >15 >135 NA Bronopol 0.0 >150 alone

Inhibition Growth Assay Results. Table 3 shows the inhibition growthassay results for DBMAL, THPS, and combinations. In the assay, theminimum concentration of DBMAL in which growth of the consortium is atleast 90% less than controls (I₉₀ value) is 12.5 mg/l. The I₉₀ value forBronopol is 6.25 mg/ml.

TABLE 3 Percent inhibition of growth in a species-defined microbialconsortium by Bronopol (BNPD) and DBMAL alone and combinations of theseactives after a 24-hour incubation period. Numbers represent percentinhibition of growth as measured by optical density measurements (580nm) at time = 24 hours compared with time = 0 values. % Single Actives(mg/l) Inhibition % % Combinations of DBMAL and BNPD of growth in DBMALInhibition BNPD Inhibition DBMAL Untreated Concn. of growth Concn. ofgrowth Concn. BNPD Concn. (mg/l) Control (mg/l) by DBMAL (mg/l) by BNPD(mg/l) 25.0 12.5 6.25 3.13 1.56 0.78 0.39 0.19 18 25.0 100 25.0 97 25.0100 100 98 99 100 100 99 99 0 12.5 97 12.5 99 12.5 100 99 94 99 99 99 9999 11 6.25 0 6.25 96 6.25 99 98 97 97 97 97 66 50 7 3.13 17 3.13 67 3.1392 98 95 98 91 0 0 0 7 1.56 13 1.56 0 1.56 99 100 99 99 19 0 0 0 5 0.7812 0.78 0 0.78 99 99 96 98 0 0 0 0 7 0.39 8 0.39 0 0.39 99 92 92 97 0 00 0 2 0.19 4 0.19 0 0.19 99 99 96 97 0 0 0 0Table 4 shows ratios of DBMAL and bronopol (BNPD) found to besynergistic under the growth inhibition assay.

TABLE 4 DBMAL Concn. BNPD Concn. Ratio (DBMAL Synergy (mg/l) (mg/l) toBNPD) Index (SI) 6.25 0.19 32:1  0.53 6.25 0.39 16:1  0.56 3.13 0.1916:1  0.28 6.25 0.78 8:1 0.64 3.13 0.39 8:1 0.31 6.25 1.56 4:1 0.75 3.130.78 4:1 0.38 3.13 1.56 2:1 0.5 3.13 3.13 1:1 0.75 1.56 3.13 1:2 0.63

Example 2 DBMAL and BNS

Inhibition Growth Assay Results. Table 5 shows the inhibition growthassay results for DBMAL, bromonitrostyrene (“BNS”), and combinationsthereof. The I₉₀ values for DBMAL and BNS are 12.5 mg/l and 6.25 mg/l,respectively.

TABLE 5 Percent inhibition of growth in a species-defined microbialconsortium by BNS and DBMAL alone and combinations of these activesafter a 24-hour incubation period. Numbers represent percent inhibitionof growth as measured by optical density measurements (580 nm) at time =24 hours compared with time = 0 values. % Single Actives (mg/l)Inhibition % % Combinations of DBMAL and BNS of growth in DBMALInhibition BNS Inhibition DBMAL Untreated Concn. of growth Concn. ofgrowth Concn. BNS Concn. (mg/l) Control (mg/l) by DBMAL (mg/l) by BNS(mg/l) 25.0 12.5 6.25 3.13 1.56 0.78 0.39 0.19 49 25.0 98 25.0 99 25.098 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 0 12.5 98 12.5 100 12.5 100 100 100 100100 100 97 96 1 6.25 65 6.25 100 6.25 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 97 43.13 34 3.13 75 3.13 84 100 100 100 100 0 0 0 0 1.56 11 1.56 42 1.56 100100 100 100 23 4 0 0 0 0.78 6 0.78 19 0.78 100 100 100 50 13 5 0 0 00.39 1 0.39 0 0.39 100 100 100 50 16 0 0 0 0 0.19 10 0.19 11 0.19 100100 100 38 16 5 0 0Table 6 shows concentrations of DBMAL and BNS found to be synergisticunder the growth inhibition assay. Ratios are based on concentrations ofactives.

TABLE 6 DBMAL Concn. BNS Concn. Ratio (DBMAL Synergy (mg/l) (mg/l) toBNS) Index (SI) 6.25 0.19 32:1  0.53 6.25 0.39 16:1  0.56 6.25 0.78 8:10.63 6.25 1.56 4:1 0.75 3.13 1.56 2:1 0.5 3.13 3.13 1:1 0.75 1.56 3.131:2 0.63

Example 3 DBMAL and MBT

Inhibition Growth Assay Results. Table 7 shows the inhibition growthassay results for DBMAL, methylene bis(thiocyanate) (“MBT”), andcombinations. The I₉₀ values for DBMAL and MBT are 12.5 mg/l and 0.78mg/l, respectively.

TABLE 7 Percent inhibition of growth in a species-defined microbialconsortium by DBMAL and MBT alone and combinations of these activesafter a 24-hour incubation period. Numbers represent percent inhibitionof growth as measured by optical density measurements (580 nm) at time =24 hours compared with time = 0 values. % Single Actives (mg/l)Inhibition % % Combinations of DBMAL and MBT of growth in DBMALInhibition MBT Inhibition DBMAL Untreated Concn. of growth Concn. ofgrowth Concn. MBT Concn. (mg/l) Control (mg/l) by DBMAL (mg/l) by MBT(mg/l) 25.0 12.5 6.25 3.13 1.56 0.78 0.39 0.19 20 25.0 98 25.0 94 25.098 98 95 94 98 96 98 97 0 12.5 100 12.5 95 12.5 98 96 96 98 99 98 98 950 6.25 41 6.25 97 6.25 98 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 29 3.13 61 3.13100 3.13 98 100 100 10 100 100 100 63 20 1.56 52 1.56 100 1.56 99 100100 100 100 100 57 39 33 0.78 58 0.78 98 0.78 98 100 100 100 100 100 320 0 0.39 23 0.39 24 0.39 98 99 100 100 100 46 0 0 36 0.19 25 0.19 220.19 99 98 82 98 98 1 0 0

Table 8 shows concentrations of DBMAL and MBT found to be synergistic.The ratios are based on concentrations of the actives.

TABLE 8 DBMAL Concn. MBT Concn. Ratio Synergy (mg/l) (mg/l) (DBMAL:MBT)Index (SI) 6.25 0.19 32:1  0.75 3.13 0.19 16:1  0.5 3.13 0.39 8:1 0.751.56 0.19 8:1 0.38 1.56 0.39 4:1 0.63

Example 4 DBMAL and DBDCB

Inhibition Growth Assay Results. Table 9 shows the inhibition growthassay results for DBMAL, 1,2-Dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane (“DBDCB”), andcombinations thereof. The I₉₀ values for DBMAL and DBDCB are 6.25 mg/l.

TABLE 9 Percent inhibition of growth in a species-defined microbialconsortium by DBMAL and DBDCB alone and combinations of these activesafter a 24-hour incubation period. Numbers represent percent inhibitionof growth as measured by optical density measurements (580 nm) at time =24 hours compared with time = 0 values. % Single Actives (mg/l)Inhibition % % Combinations of DBMAL and DBDCB of growth in DBMALInhibition DBDCB Inhibition DBMAL Untreated Concn. of growth Concn. ofgrowth Concn. DBDCB Concn. (mg/l) Control (mg/l) by DBMAL (mg/l) byDBDCB (mg/l) 25.0 12.5 6.25 3.13 1.56 0.78 0.39 0.19 17 25.0 100 25.0 9725.0 100 100 100 100 99 100 100 100 0 12.5 100 12.5 99 12.5 100 100 100100 100 100 100 100 12 6.25 100 6.25 100 6.25 100 100 100 100 100 100 9548 0 3.13 20 3.13 43 3.13 100 100 100 100 7 1 0 0 0 1.56 14 1.56 17 1.56100 100 100 83 0 0 0 0 0 0.78 11 0.78 0 0.78 100 100 68 100 10 0 0 0 00.39 0 0.39 0 0.39 100 100 100 100 10 0 0 0 0 0.19 0 0.19 0 0.19 100 100100 20 12 19 3 14

Table 10 shows concentrations of DBMAL and DBDCB found to besynergistic.

TABLE 10 DBMAL Concn. DBDCB Concn. Ratio (DBMAL Synergy (mg/l) (mg/l) toDBDCB) Index (SI) 3.13 1.56 2:1 0.75 3.13 0.78 4:1 0.63 3.13 0.39 8:10.56

While the invention has been described above according to its preferredembodiments, it can be modified within the spirit and scope of thisdisclosure. This application is therefore intended to cover anyvariations, uses, or adaptations of the invention using the generalprinciples disclosed herein. Further, the application is intended tocover such departures from the present disclosure as come within theknown or customary practice in the art to which this invention pertainsand which fall within the limits of the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A biocidal composition for controllingmicroorganisms in an aqueous or water-containing system, the compositioncomprising 2,2-dibromomalonamide and 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane.
 2. Acomposition according to claim 1 wherein the weight ratio of2,2-dibromomalonamide to 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane is between 100:1and 1:100.
 3. A composition according to claim 1 wherein weight ratio of2,2-dibromomalonamide to 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane is from 8:1 to2:1.
 4. A composition according to claim 1 which is: paint, coating,aqueous emulsion, latex, adhesive, ink, pigment dispersion, household orindustrial cleaner, detergent, dish detergent, mineral slurry polymeremulsion, caulk, adhesive, tape joint compound, disinfectant, sanitizer,metalworking fluid, construction product, personal care product, textilefluid, spin finish, industrial process water, oilfield functional fluid,fuel, air washer, wastewater, ballast water, filtration systems,swimming pool or spa water.
 5. A method for controlling microorganismgrowth in an aqueous or water-containing system, the method comprisingtreating the aqueous or water-containing system with an effective amountof a composition according to claim
 1. 6. A method according to claim 5wherein the aqueous or water-containing system is paint, coating,aqueous emulsion, latex, adhesive, ink, pigment dispersion, household orindustrial cleaner, detergent, dish detergent, mineral slurry polymeremulsion, caulk, adhesive, tape joint compound, disinfectant, sanitizer,metalworking fluid, construction product, personal care product, textilefluid, spin finish, industrial process water, oilfield functional fluid,fuel, air washer, wastewater, ballast water, filtration system, swimmingpool or spa water.
 7. A method according to claim 5 wherein thecomposition inhibits the growth of microorganisms in the aqueous orwater-containing system.
 8. A method according to any one of claims 5wherein the composition kills microorganisms in the aqueous orwater-containing system.